Bridge maintenance, inspection and repair

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Section
I. GENERAL INFORMATION
Purpose
References
II. MAINTENANCE PLANNING
Programming and economic considerations
Elements of the maintenance program
III. FREQUENCY OF INSPECTION
Military requirements
Factors of frequency
IV. QUALIFICATIONS OF INSPECTION PERSONNEL
Army
Air Force

2. BRIDGE STRUCTURES
Definition
Classification
Typical bridges
Box culverts
Military bridges

3. BRIDGE ELEMENTS
I. SUBSTRUCTURE ELEMENTS
General
Abutments
Piers and bents
II. SUPERSTRUCTURES
General
Decks
Floor systems
Main supporting members
Bracing
III. MISCELLANEOUS ELEMENTS
Bearings
Pin and hanger supports
Expansion joints
Approaches
Railings, sidewalks, and curbs
Deck drains
Utilities
Lighting
Dolphins and fenders
Welds, bolts, and rivets

4. MECHANICS OF BRIDGES
General
Bridge forces
Stress

5. BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
I. CONCRETE
General
Physical and mechanical properties
Indication and classification of deterioration
Causes of deterioration
Assessment of concrete
II. STRUCTURAL STEEL
Physical and mechanical properties
Indicators and classification of deterioration
Causes of deterioration
Assessment of deterioration
III. TIMBER
Physical and mechanical properties
Deterioration: indicators and causes
Assessment of deterioration
IV. WROUGHT AND CAST IRON
General
Physical and mechanical properties
Deterioration: indicators and causes
V. STONE MASONRY
General
Physical and mechanical properties
Indicators of deterioration
Causes of deterioration
VI. ALUMINUM
General
Deterioration: indicators and causes
VII. FOUNDATION SOILS
General
Types of movement
Effects on structures
Indicators of movement
Causes of foundation movements
VIII. WATERWAYS
General
Types of movement and effects on waterways

CHAPTER 6. BRIDGE REDUNDANCY AND FRACTURE CRITICAL MEMBERS (FCMs)
I. GENERAL
Introduction
Fracture critical members
Redundancy
Criticality of FCMs
II. EXAMPLES
Two-girder system (or single-box girder)
Two-truss system
Cross girders and pier caps
Supports and suspended spans

7. INSPECTION CONSIDERATIONS
I. TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
Basic
Concrete inspection
Steel inspection
Timber inspection
Cast iron, wrought iron, and aluminum inspection
Special equipment
II. SAFETY
General
Bridge site organization
Personal protection
Special safety equipment
Climbing of high steel
Confined spaces
III. DOCUMENTATION OF THE BRIDGE INSPECTION
General
Planning and documenting the inspection
Structure evaluation
IV. INSPECTION PROCEDURE
General
Inspection sequence

CHAPTER 8. BRIDGE COMPONENT INSPECTION
Section I. SUBSTRUCTURES
General
Abutments
Retaining walls
Piers and bents
Pile bents
Dolphins and fenders
II. SUPERSTRUCTURES
Concrete beams and girders
Steel beams and girders
Pin and hanger connections
Floor systems
Diaphragms and cross frames
Trusses
Lateral bracing portals and sway frames
Tied arches
Metal bearings
Elastomeric bearings
Decks
Expansion joints
Railings, sidewalks, and curbs
Approaches
Bridge drainage
III. MISCELLANEOUS INSPECTION ITEMS
Waterways
Paint
Signing
Utilities
Lighting
IV. INSPECTION OF RAILROAD BRIDGES
General
Railroad deck types
Track inspection
Deck inspection
Superstructure inspection
Substructure inspection
Recommended practices
V. BOX CULVERTS
Types of distress
Inspection

9. FINAL DOCUMENTATION
Annual (Army) and biannual (Air Force) inspection documentation
Triennial (Army) and every third biannual (Air Force) bridge inspection
documentation

10. GENERAL PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND UPGRADE
I. INTRODUCTION
General
Preventive maintenance
Replacement
Repair
Bridge upgrade
II. COMMON MAINTENANCE TASKS
General
Cleaning deck drains
Ice and snow removal
Bank restoration
Traffic control items
Bearings and rollers
Debris and removal
Bridge joint systems
Scour protection
III. COMMON REPAIR TASKS
General
Abutment stability
Drift and floating ice
Scour
Settlement
Waterway
Section IV. COMMON METHODS TO UPGRADE EXISTING BRIDGES
General
Shortened span lengths
Add stringers
Strengthen piers
Reduce deadload
Posttensioned bridge components
Strengthen individual members

CHAPTER 11. STEEL BRIDGE MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND UPGRADE
I. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE FOR CORROSION
General
Structural steel
II. REPAIR AND STRENGTHEN
General
Connections
Repair of structural members
III. MEMBER REPLACEMENT
Tension members
Compression members/columns
Beams
IV. UPGRADE STEEL BRIDGES
Creation of a composite action
Posttensioning
Truss systems

12. TIMBER BRIDGE MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND UPGRADE
I. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
General
Fire protection
II. REPAIR AND STRENGTHEN TIMBER MEMBERS
General
Connections
Repair of graded lumber
Repair of piles
Repair of posts
Repair of sway bracing
III. MEMBER REPLACEMENT
Replacement of tension timber components
Replacement of compression timber components
Replacement of flexural timber components (stringers)
Replacement of timber decking
IV. TIMBER BRIDGE UPGRADE
Strengthen intermediate supports (piers)
Shorten span length
Posttensioning
Add stringers
Strengthen individual members

13. CONCRETE BRIDGE MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, AND UPGRADE
I. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
General
Surface coating
Joint maintenance
Cathodic protection
II. REPAIR AND STRENGTHEN
General
Crack repairs
Spall repair
Joint repair
Abutments and wingwalls
Bridge seats
Columns and piles
Stringers and beams
Decks
Replacement of concrete members
Section III. UPGRADE CONCRETE BRIDGES
General upgrade methods
Strengthen individual members
Prestressed concrete members