Air Pollution Engineering

1 AIR POLLUTION ENGINEERING
1.1 Air Pollutants
1.1.1 Oxides of Nitrogen
1.1.2 Sulfur Oxides
1.1.3 Organic Compounds
1.1.4 Particulate Matter
1.2 Air Pollution Legislation in the United States
1.3 Atmospheric Concentration Units
1.4 The Appendices to this Chapter

2 COMBUSTION FUNDAMENTALS
2.1 Fuels
2.2 Combustion Stoichiometry
2.3 Combustion Thermodynamics
2.3.1 First Law of Thermodynamics
2.3.2 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
2.3.3 Chemical Equilibrium
2.3.4 Combustion Equilibria
2.4 Combustion Kinetics
2.4.1 Detailed Combustion Kinetics
2.4.2 Simplified Combustion Kinetics
2.5 Flame Propagation and Structure
2.5.1 Laminar Premixed Flames
2.5.2 Turbulent Premixed Flames
2.5.3 Laminar Diffusion Flames
2.5.4 Turbulent Diffusion Flames
2.6 Turbulent Mixing
2.7 Combustion of Liquid Fuels
2.8 Combustion of Solid Fuels

3 POLLUTANT FORMATION AND CONTROL IN COMBUSTION

3.1 Nitrogen Oxides
3.1.1 Thermal Fixation of Atmospheric Nitrogen
3.1.2 Prompt NO
3.1.3 Thermal-NOx Formation and Control in Combustors
3.1.4 Fue1-NOx
3.1.5 Fuel-NOx Control
3.1.6 Postcombustion Destruction of NOx
3.1.7 Nitrogen Dioxide
3.2 Carbon Monoxide
3.2.1 Carbon Monoxide Oxidation Quenching
3.3 Hydrocarbons
3.4 Sulfur Oxides

4 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
4.1 Spark Ignition Engines
4.1.1 Engine Cycle Operation
4.1.2 Cycle Analysis
4.1.3 Cylinder Turbulence and Combustion Rate
4.1.4 Cylinder Pressure and Temperature
4.1.5 Formation of Nitrogen Oxides
4.1.6 Carbon Monoxide
4.1.7 Unburned Hydrocarbons
4.1.8 Combustion-Based Emission Controls
4.1.9 Mixture Preparation
4.1.10 Intake and Exhaust Processes
4.1.11 Crankcase Emissions
4.1.12 Evaporative Emissions
4.1.13 Exhaust Gas Treatment
4.2 Diesel Engine
4.3 Stratified Charge Engines
4.4 Gas Turbines

5 AEROSOLS
5.1 The Drag on a Single Particle: Stokes’ Law
5.2 Noncontinuum Effects
5.3 Motion of an Aerosol Particle in an External Force Field
5.4 Brownian Motion of Aerosol Particles
5.4.1 Mobility and Drift Velocity
5.4.2 Solution of Diffusion Problems for Aerosol Particles
5.4.3 Phoretic Effects
5.5 Diffusion to Single Particles
5.5.1 Continuum Regime
5.5.2 Free Molecule Regime
5.5.3 Transition Regime
5.6 The Size Distribution Function
5.7 The Log-Normal Distribution
5.8 General Dynamic Equation for Aerosols
5.8.1 Discrete General Dynamic Equation
5.8.2 Continuous General Dynamic Equation
5.9 Coagulation Coefficient
5.10 Homogeneous Nucleation
5.11 Sectional Representation of Aerosol Processes

6 PARTICLE FORMATION IN COMBUSTION
6.1 Ash
6.1.1 Ash Formation from Coal
6.1.2 Residual Ash Size Distribution
6.1.3 Ash Vaporization
6.1.4 Dynamics of the Submicron Ash Aerosol
6.2 Char and Coke
6.3 Soot
6.3.1 Soot Formation
6.3.2 Soot Oxidation
6.3.3 Control of Soot Formation
6.4 Motor Vehicle Exhaust Aerosols

7 REMOVAL OF PARTICLES FROM GAS STREAMS
7.1 Collection Efficiency
7.2 Settling Chambers
7.2.1 Laminar Flow Settling Chamber
7.2.2 Plug Flow Settling Chamber
7.2.3 Turbulent Flow Settling Chamber
7.3 Cyclone Separators
7.3.1 Laminar Flow Cyclone Separators
7.3.2 Turbulent Flow Cyclone Separators
7.3.3 Cyclone Dimensions
7.3.4 Practical Equation for Cyclone Efficiency
7.4 Electrostatic Precipitation
7.5 Filtration of Particles from Gas Streams
7.6 Wet Collectors
7.6.1 Spray Chamber
7.6.2 Deposition of Particles on a Spherical Collector
7.6.3 Venturi Scrubbers
7.7 Summary of Particulate Emission Control Techniques

8 REMOVAL OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS FROM EFFLUENT STREAMS
8.1 Interfacial Mass Transfer
8.2 Absorption of Gases by Liquids
8.2.1 Gas Absorption without Chemical Reaction
8.2.2 Gas Absorption with Chemical Reaction
8.3 Adsorption of Gases on Solids
8.4 Removal of S02 from Effluent Streams
8.5 Removal of NOx from Effluent Streams
8.5.1 Shell Flue Gas Treating System
8.5.2 Wet Simultaneous NO)SOx Processes
8.5.3 Selective Noncatalytic Reduction
8.5.4 Selective Catalytic Reduction
8.5.5 NOx and SOx Removal by Electron Beam

9 OPTIMAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGIES
9.1 Long-Term Air Pollution Control
9.2 A Simple Example of Determining a Least-Cost Air Pollution Control Strategy
9.3 General Statement of the Least-Cost Air Pollution Control Problem
9.4 A Least-Cost Control Problem for Total Emissions