Guide to Combined Heat and Power Systems for Boiler Owners and Operators

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TOC

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES
1.2 APPROACH
1.3 COGENERATION OPPORTUNITIES
1.4 RERENCES
2. COGENERATION TECHNOLOGY ISSUES
2.1 TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
2.2 NATIONAL ENERGY ACTS
2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
2.3.1 Clean Air Act
2.3.2 Clean Water Act
2.4 BENEFITS AND BARRIERS

3. PRIME MOVERS
3.1 STEAM TURBINES
3.1.1 Description
3.1.2 Design and Performance Characteristics
3.1.2.1 Efficiency
3.1.2.2 Capital cost
3.1.2.3 Availability
3.1.2.4 Maintenance
3.1.2.5 Heat recovery
3.1.2.6 Fuels and emissions
3.1.3 Potential Applications
3.2 GAS TURBINES
3.3 MICROTURBINES
3.4 RECIPROCATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
3.5 FUEL CELLS

4. HEAT-RECOVERY EQUIPMENT
4.1 UNFIRED UNITS
4.1.1 Unfired Heat-Recovery Steam Generators
4.1.2 Heat-Recovery Mufflers
4.1.3 Recuperators 4.1.4 Regenerators 4.1.5 Ebullient Cooling Systems
4.1.6 Forced Circulation Cooling Systems
4.1.7 Aftercoolers 4.1.8 Heat Exchangers
4.2 FIRED UNITS 4.2.1 Supplementary Fired Heat-Recovery Steam Generators
4.2.2 Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional Boilers

5. ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION
5.1 ELECTRICAL GENERATORS
5.1.1 Synchronous Generators
5.1.2 Induction Generators
5.2 INVERTERS
5.3 CONTROL SYSTEMS
5.4 SAFETY
5.5 LIABILITY
5.6 INTERCONNECTION ISSUES

6. COOLING EQUIPMENT AND ROTATING MACHINERY
6.1 ABSORPTION CHILLERS
6.2 DESICCANT DEHUMIDIFIERS
6.3 ROTATING MACHINERY
6.3.1 Air Compressors
6.3.2 Pumps
6.3.3 Fans
6.3.4 Refrigeration Compressors

7. COMBINED HEAT AND POWER SYSTEMS
7.1 TOPPING-CYCLE SYSTEMS
7.1.1 Steam Turbine Topping Systems
7.1.2 Gas Turbine Topping Systems
7.1.2.1 Open-cycle gas turbine topping systems
7.1.2.2 Closed-cycle gas turbine topping systems
7.1.3 Reciprocating Engine Topping Systems
7.1.4 Fuel Cell Topping Systems
7.1.5 Microturbine Topping Systems
7.2 BOTTOMING-CYCLE SYSTEMS
7.3 COMBINED-CYCLE SYSTEMS
7.4 TRIGENERATION

8. PRELIMINARY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
8.1 THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES
8.2 PRIME MOVER SELECTION
8.3 FUEL AND EMISSION CONTROL ISSUES
8.4 HEAT-RECOVERY SCHEMES
8.5 COM BINED HEAT AND POWER OPTIONS

9. FEASIBILITY EVALUATION
9.1 EVALUATING COGENERATION POTENTIAL
9.1.1 Walk-Through and Data Collection
9.1.1.1 Energy savings opportunities
9.1.1.2 Preliminary screening
9.1.2 Preliminary Design
9.1.3 Economic Screening Analysis
9.1.4 Health, Safety, and Environmental Issues
9.1.4.1 Noise and vibration
9.1.4.2 Engineered and administrative controls
9.1.4.3 Electrical hazards
9.1.4.4 Emissions control
9.1.4.5 Permits
9.1.5 Electrical Grid Considerations


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