Fundamentals and Technology of Combustion

Fundamentals and Technology of Combustion
Elsevier Science | 864 Pages | 2002 | ISBN: 0080441068 | PDF | 15 MB


Fundamentals and Technology of Combustion contains brief descriptions of combustion fundamental processes, followed by an extensive survey of the combustion research technology. It also includes mathematical combustion modeling of the processes covering mainly premixed and diffusion flames, where many chemical and physical processes compete in complex ways, for both laminar and turbulent flows. The combustion chemistry models that validate experimental data for different fuels are sufficiently accurate to allow confident predictions of the flame characteristics. This illustrates a unique bridge between combustion fundamentals and combustion technology, which provides a valuable technical reference for many engineers and scientists.

Moreover, the book gives the reader sufficient background of basic engineering sciences such as chemistry, thermodynamics, heat transfer and fluid mechanics. The combustion research and mathematical models fit between small-scale laboratory burner flames, and large-scale industrial boilers, furnaces and combustion chambers. The materials have been collected from previous relevant research and some selected papers of the authors and co-workers, which have been presented mainly in different refereed journals, international conferences and symposia, thus providing a comprehensive collection.

Furthermore, the book includes some of the many recent general correlations for the characteristics of laminar, turbulent, premixed and diffusion flames in an easily usable form. The authors believe that further progress in optimizing combustion performance and reducing polluting emissions can only be treated through understanding of combustion chemistry.

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HEAT TRANSFER AND FLOW MEASUREMENTS ON A ONE-SCALE GAS TURBINE CAN COMBUSTOR MODEL

Type of Document Master's Thesis
Author Abraham, Santosh
Author's Email Address sabrah1@vt.edu
URN etd-09242008-151620
Title HEAT TRANSFER AND FLOW MEASUREMENTS ON A ONE-SCALE GAS TURBINE CAN COMBUSTOR MODEL
Degree Master of Science
Department Mechanical Engineering
Advisory Committee
Advisor Name Title
Srinath V. Ekkad Committee Chair
Danesh Tafti Committee Member
Uri Vandsburger Committee Member
Keywords

* Dry Low Emission (DLE) combustors
* Infrared Thermal Imaging
* Swirler
* Combustor liner cooing

Date of Defense 2008-08-29
Availability unrestricted
Abstract

(ABSTRACT)

Combustion designers have considered back-side impingement cooling as the solution for modern DLE combustors. The idea is to provide more cooling to the deserved local hot spots and reserve unnecessary coolant air from local cold spots. Therefore, if accurate heat load distribution on the liners can be obtained, then an intelligent cooling system can be designed to focus more on the localized hot spots. The goal of this study is to determine the heat transfer and pressure distribution inside a typical can-annular gas turbine combustor. This is one of the first efforts in the public domain to investigate the convective heat load to combustor liner due to swirling flow generated by swirler nozzles. An experimental combustor test model was designed and fitted with a swirler nozzle provided by Solar Turbines Inc. Heat transfer and pressure distribution measurements were carried out along the combustor wall to determine the thermo-fluid dynamic effects inside a combustor. The temperature and heat transfer profile along the length of the combustor liner were determined and a heat transfer peak region was established.

Constant-heat-flux boundary condition was established using two identical surface heaters, and the Infrared Thermal Imaging system was used to capture the real-time steady-state temperature distribution at the combustor liner wall. Analysis on the flow characteristics was also performed to compare the pressure distributions with the heat transfer results. The experiment was conducted at two different Reynolds numbers (Re 50,000 and Re 80,000), to investigate the effect of Reynolds Number on the heat transfer peak locations and pressure distributions. The results reveal that the heat transfer peak regions at both the Reynolds numbers occur at approximately the same location. The results from this study on a broader scale will help in understanding and predicting swirling flow effects on the local convective heat load to the combustor liner, thereby enabling the combustion engineer to design more effective cooling systems to improve combustor durability and performance.

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Large Eddy Simulation of Flow and Heat Transfer in a Staggered 45° Ribbed Duct and a Rotating 90° Ribbed Duct

Type of Document Master's Thesis
Author Abdel-Wahab, Samer
Author's Email Address sabdelwa@vt.edu
URN etd-12032003-110323
Title Large Eddy Simulation of Flow and Heat Transfer in a Staggered 45° Ribbed Duct and a Rotating 90° Ribbed Duct
Degree Master of Science
Department Mechanical Engineering
Advisory Committee
Advisor Name Title
Danesh K. Tafti Committee Chair
Brian Vick Committee Member
Karen A. Thole Committee Member
Keywords

* Internal Cooling
* Heat Transfer
* Large Eddy Simulation
* CFD
* Gas Turbine

Date of Defense 2003-11-24
Availability unrestricted
Abstract

For the past several years there has been great effort in the analysis of internal duct cooling. The steady increase in power output and thermal efficiency requirements for gas turbine engines has called for significant advancement in turbine blade internal duct cooling technology. Numerical analysis of turbulent duct flow has been largely limited to Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations. This is because of the low computational requirements of such calculations relative to Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). However, the tides have started to turn in favor of LES, partly because of the exponential increase in computer hardware performance in recent years.

Three conference papers make up the contents of this thesis. LES is performed for fully developed flow and heat transfer in a staggered 45° ribbed duct in the first paper. The rib pitch-to-height ratio P | e is 10 and a rib height to hydraulic diameter ratio e | Dh is 0.1. The Reynolds number based on the bulk flow rate and hydraulic diameter is 47,300. The overall heat transfer enhancement obtained was a factor of 2.3, which matched experimental data within 2%. The surfaces of highest heat transfer enhancement were the ribbed walls and the outer wall.

Results from LES of an orthogonally rotating 90° ribbed duct are presented in the second paper for rotation numbers: Ro = 0.18, 0.35 and 0.67. The Reynolds number is 20,000. The P | e and e | Dh were the same as in the first paper. Turbulence and heat transfer are augmented on the trailing surface and reduced at the leading surface. Secondary flows induced by Coriolis forces, increase heat transfer augmentation on the smooth walls. Finally, the third paper studies the same flow conditions of the second paper and goes further by including effects of centrifugal buoyancy forces using LES. Two buoyancy numbers are studied: Bo = 0.12 and 0.29. Centrifugal buoyancy does not have a large effect on leading side augmentation ratios for all rotation numbers, but increases heat transfer significantly on the trailing side.

In all papers, mean flow and heat transfer results compare well with experimental data.

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Kinematics, Dynamics and Control of Single-Axle, Two-Wheel Vehicles (Biplanar Bicycles)

Type of Document Master's Thesis
Author Abbott, Michael Shawn
Author's Email Address mabbott@keytechinc.com
URN etd-04132000-14590026
Title Kinematics, Dynamics and Control of Single-Axle, Two-Wheel Vehicles (Biplanar Bicycles)
Degree Master of Science
Department Mechanical Engineering
Advisory Committee
Advisor Name Title
Dr. Charles F. Reinholtz Committee Chair
Dr. D. J. Leo Committee Member
Dr. H. H. Robertshaw Committee Member
Keywords

* Vehicle
* Dynamics
* Control
* Two-Wheel

Date of Defense 2000-04-11
Availability unrestricted
Abstract

A two-wheeled, single-axle, differentially driven vehicle possesses many salient advantages when compared to traditional vehicle designs. In particular, high traction factor, zero turn radius, and inherent static and dynamic stability are characteristics of this configuration. Drive torque is provided via a swinging reaction mass hanging below the axle. While mechanically simple, the resulting nonlinear vehicle dynamics can be quite complex. Additional design challenges arise if non-pendulating platforms or hardware mounts are required. Ultimately, this vehicle class has great potential in autonomous robotic applications such as mine clearance, planetary exploration, and autonomous remote inspection. This thesis discusses the kinematic and dynamic analyses of this vehicle class and develops design tools including performance envelopes and control strategies. Further, it confronts the stable platform problem and provides one solution while suggesting alternative design concepts for other applications.

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Open Loop Compliance Model of a 6 DOF Revolute Manipulator to Improve Accuracy Under Load

Type of Document Master's Thesis
Author Abbott, Mark William
URN etd-04252002-103719
Title Open Loop Compliance Model of a 6 DOF Revolute Manipulator to Improve Accuracy Under Load
Degree Master of Engineering
Department Mechanical Engineering
Advisory Committee
Advisor Name Title
Robert Sturges Committee Chair
Charles Reinholtz Committee Member
Donald Leo Committee Member
William Saunders Committee Member
Keywords

* Compliance
* Robot
* Composite

Date of Defense 2002-04-23
Availability unrestricted
Abstract

Robotic accuracy has long been limited by the compliance of the manipulator. Whether links under bending loads or backlash in gear trains and stretching of belts, the resulting compliance causes a loss of accuracy at the end-effector. Previous research has investigated accuracy of ideally stiff manipulators from many different points of view; however, an overall compliant modeling technique has not been formulated in the literature. This thesis presents a general technique to develop a compliant model for a general six-degree manipulator with the intent of reducing end-effector error for precision manufacturing.

Experimental and theoretical work was performed on an American Robot Merlin six-degree of freedom robot. The solution technique assumes each link of the manipulator is subject to stiffnesses in three directions, that is, in the direction of motion, laterally and torsionally. Each of the three stiffnesses is assumed constant, but unknown. Three experimental regimes were established, each covering a successively larger region of the workspace, and 243 data samples were taken within each regime. Samples were taken at twenty-seven data points under nine known loads for each of the first two regimes and at nine locations under twenty-seven loads in the third regime. An OPTOTRAK 3020 non-contact distance-measuring system was used to gather data from twelve sensors for each trial. The results were transformed into three displacements and three rotations of the end-effector. A regression algorithm solved for the unknown stiffnesses of the compliant model based on the measured experimental deflection.

Results show that for loads ranging between zero and 445 N, the deflection of the end-effector is predicted within fifteen percent of experimental results for most data points. Furthermore, a load set between zero and 111 N (the stated lift capacity of the

manipulator) predicts end point position with an error of less than one-half a millimeter for all tested points.

This research provides a technique to quantify the compliance of a general manipulator and develops a model capable of being implemented with open-loop position control with known compliance.

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Analysis of Thermal Energy Collection from Precast Concrete Roof Assemblies

Type of Document Master's Thesis
Author Abbott, Ashley Burnett
Author's Email Address asabbott@vt.edu
URN etd-08192004-113920
Title Analysis of Thermal Energy Collection from Precast Concrete Roof Assemblies
Degree Master of Science
Department Mechanical Engineering
Advisory Committee
Advisor Name Title
Dr. Michael W. Ellis Committee Chair
Dr. Doug Nelson Committee Member
Dr. Yvan J Beliveau Committee Member
Keywords

* Solar Assisted Heat Pump
* Precast Concrete
* Solar Concrete Collector
* Solar Water Heating

Date of Defense 2004-07-16
Availability unrestricted
Abstract

The development of precast concrete housing systems provides an opportunity to easily and inexpensively incorporate solar energy collection by casting collector tubes into the roof structure. A design is presented for a precast solar water heating system used to aid in meeting the space and domestic water heating loads of a single family residence. A three-dimensional transient collector model is developed to characterize the precast solar collector�s performance throughout the day. The model describes the collector as a series of segments in the axial direction connected by a fluid flowing through an embedded tube. Each segment is represented by a two-dimensional solid model with top boundary conditions determined using a traditional flat plate solar collector model for convection and radiation from the collector cover plate.

The precast collector is coupled to a series solar assisted heat pump system and used to meet the heating needs of the residence. The performance of the proposed system is compared to the performance of a typical air to air heat pump. The combined collector and heat pump model is solved using Matlab in conjunction with the finite element solver, Femlab.

Using the system model, various non-dimensional design and operating parameters were analyzed to determine a set of near optimal design and operating values. The annual performance of the near optimal system was evaluated to determine the energy and cost savings for applications in Atlanta, GA and Chicago, IL. In addition, a life cycle cost study of the system was completed to determine the economic feasibility of the proposed system. The results of the annual study show that capturing solar energy using the precast collector and applying the energy through a solar assisted heat pump can reduce the electricity required for heating by more than 50% in regions with long heating seasons. The life cycle cost analysis shows that the energy savings justifies the increase in initial cost in locations with long heating seasons but that the system is not economically attractive in locations with shorter heating seasons.

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